Lord of the Flies Essay -- essays papers

Lord of the Flies The main theme of Lord of the Flies is that moral nature is not instinctive in mankind. There is a capacity for evil in all people, and their morality is superficial. Nonetheless, it is this moral integrity that must continue in order for a person to be ethical, for society to be maintained, and to keep society from falling in on itself. Society holds everyone together. Without the rules and the structure, evil in everyone becomes more prominent, and ideals, values, and basics of right and wrong are forgotten. Without society's rigid rules, chaos and savagery come to light. There are also a number of secondary themes in the book such as: people will abuse power when it is not earned; people will degrade others to heighten their own sense of security; the fear of the unknown is powerful; it can make you turn to insight or hysteria. All of the themes are shown using symbolism. A group of young boys are in a plane that crashes on a deserted island where the current appears to be flowing backwards. The island is a microcosm representing the world, and the current gives the impression that civilization might be going backward for the island or its inhabitants. Young boys were probably chosen because they would have had less time to be moulded by society, and their individual characteristics would be more prominent. The first two characters to appear are Piggy and Ralph. They are both probably about twelve years old. Ralph is an attractive boy, "built like a boxer." His name, Anglo-Saxon in origin, means "counsel." He, along with Piggy, depicts the struggle for order and democracy. He illustrates law, order, organized society, and moral integrity. He knows right from wrong, and he is constantly m... ...eans. He tells Samneric where he plans to hide, but they end up telling Jack. Jack decides to set fire to the island to force Ralph out of hiding. Jack was the perpetrator of all three deaths that happened on the island. He systematically removes forces opposing him. Ralph realizes that man is not a kind creature by nature. Just as the Savages find Ralph and they are about to kill him, he bumps into a Naval officer who saw the smoke from the fire and came to rescue them. It's ironic that the fire that was meant for death actually saved them. However, now all the events that happened in the story are transferred to the shoulders of the officer. He rescues the children who are in the middle of a manhunt, and takes them away on his ship. It is precisely the same thing, as he is also involved in a manhunt. He was able to save the children, but who will save him?

Discuss how and why Age Discrimination Operates in the Workplace Essay

Discuss how and why Age Discrimination Operates in the Workplace Introduction Discuss how and why Age Discrimination Operates in the Workplace            In the past few decades, science has made great advancements in medicine, nutrition and other human sciences. These advancements have made it possible for people to be treated for various diseases and ailments that would have otherwise shortened their productive lifespan. People are generally living longer than compared to a few decades ago and this has meant that there are more people in the general working population that are above the age of 50 (UK Census Bureau, 2012) With these higher numbers and wide age gap between people in the same workplaces there has arisen the problem of ageism or age discrimination. Age discrimination is defined as the unfair treatment of an individual as a result of their age. It usually happens in workplaces as this is the area in many societies where people of different age groups and with wide age gaps are likely to interact. (Age UK, 2011) Age discrimination was defined under the UK Age discrimination Regulations act enacted by th e UK parliament in 2006 and later on elaborated in the Equality Act of 2010. These laws were put in place to protect employees from being unfairly treated or discriminated on any grounds including age. (The Equality Act 2010 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2012, 2012) It forbids employers, potential employers credit unions and any other individual or business to refuse services or discriminate against a person on the basis of their age being or becoming a transsexual person being married or in a civil partnership being pregnant or having a child disability race including colour, nationality, ethnic or national origin religion, belief or lack of religion/belief sex sexual orientation            Age discrimination can be directed against individuals of any age, although it is mostly directed at older people. It can be operated at various levels from interpersonal to the workplace, and is equated to racism or sexism and is equally as damaging. (Age UK, 2011) This is the reason why these legislations were passed as well as similar legislations in other countries across Europe and the world in general.            In the UK law however, there is a specific provision for an employer to deny a person employment or terminate their contract. In these cases, the employer has to prove that the action is objectively justifiable: meaning that there are valid and concrete reasons behind the use of age as a factor for employment, promotions or other work related benefits. These reasons must be fair and be able to stand up to a tribunal (UK government: Age discrimination to be outlawed, 2005).            The problem of age discrimination in the UK is worrying as the society itself is unwilling to change. A study conducted by the University of Kent with Age UK showed that although more people in the UK and Europe were becoming aware of age discrimination as a result of legislation and government and NGO campaigns, there was still a problem in their individual attitudes towards the elderly, especially n the workplace. The study, named the European Social Survey, showed that 49.7% of people in the UK would rather work under a qualified 30-year-old boss as opposed to a similarly qualified 70-year-old boss. This together with responses that show that the average age a person is considered â€Å"old† is 59, while other countries such as Greece considered old age to begin at 68 years. (University of Kent age survey 2012) Evidence            According to the 2011 national census, the UK and Wales population had grown to 56.1 million: the highest it has ever been. In all the regions except London, 16.6 to 20 percent of the population was made up of people aged 65 and above (Macnicol, 2005). These people are increasingly finding themselves in situations where their age is proving to be a hindrance to their social and professional lives. Age discrimination in the workplace is the most predominant form of ageism with the numbers of claims being brought to tribunals increasing steadily since their inception. In 2008/9 there were3800 claims brought forward, this number rose to 5200 in 2009/10 and to 6800 in 2010/11 (Ministry Of Justice, 2011) The upward trend is the opposite of what is being seen for other types of discrimination cases, with the number of unfair dismissal, breach of contract and equal pay all seeing drops in their thousands.            A report By Age Watch group paints an even grimmer picture of the situation. This report shows that old people in the UK are increasingly being viewed as liabilities and their social standing and image in society, both formal and casual is diminishing. Sampling some of the responses from this report such as the question as to whether ‘Employers don’t like having older people on their workforce as it spoils their image’ shows that in every age group sampled, more than 40% agreed with this statement with only the 16-24 age bracket going below this mark slightly at 39%. The table below shows the graphical representation of the results for this question. The percentage number of people who reported being treated unfairly in the year prior to collection of data shows that ageism is the highest occurring reported case of unfair treatment.            29% of respondents said that they had reported an instance of someone discriminating against them or someone related on basis of age. This has surpassed even gender based discrimination which is at 24%. (Age Concern England, 2008). Age of Discrimination Debate            Proponents claim that the elderly are just as capable as the young. So age is not an indicator of inferior ability therefore treating an individual on the basis of their age in unfair and discriminatory. Furthermore, this is inconsistent with principles of equal treatment and non-discrimination which are centered on the notion of an individual rights. Therefore, it is important for employers to make their employment decisions based on the suitability to perform their job –not age. Age by itself should not the single determinant (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). However, critics argue that the theory of hiring should be based on one’s ability. In reality certain abilities are hard to determine consequently employer uses age as the proxy. In sports age an indicator of one ability to work with his team mates or extracurricular leadership as a management potential (Anonymous, 2008). Even through, not full proof age gives a clear bearing on other key qualities such as concentration, energy and cognitive abilities. This could be particularly useful for a sales persons who need to have energy and vitality, in addition it’s important for medical practitioner to have high level of fitness and concentration in performing their duties (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998).            Discriminatory practices in recruitment and promotion causes harm to the economy. Age discrimination reduces the overall productivity due to the fact it prevents job advancement opportunities through ineffectively matching workers talent and the job descriptions. According to study by the Cabinet Office in the UK revealed that lower employment among older people reduce the overall GDP by  £16 billion per annum (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Therefore, a higher contribution rates among the elderly leads to better job matching, increased employment rates and enhanced competition among worker this will turn stimulate the labor market leading to increased productivity. The common belief that the economy has few and limited number of jobs, and if older worker remain the labor market they will negate job opportunities to the younger people or reduce the wages is a fallacy. Studies show that wages are unlikely to drop with projected shortages, such as in health sector and teaching. But opponents of age claim that laws against age discrimination may simply result to the old people working for higher wages, rather than older people working. Researcher on age discrimination laws in the US showed that the increase in employment rates of older employees is due to staying in their jobs for longer rather than older people working. In addition, an increase in the number of older worker in the short-term will result in market pressures to reduce wages, therefore other existing elderly workers may suffer with wage drop (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998).            Supporters argue that having few older worker also increases the amount the government needs to spend on benefits, pensions and decreases the tax base (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). This strain on the public resources is especially critical in developed countries with an increasing number of their population ageing. This increases the projected dependency ratio and pay-as-you-go nature of pension schemes. However, it could be argued that the so called ‘benefits’ for government budget is in fact just a transfer. Governments spend less on health and other benefits and employer is the one who actually pays for them. Therefore, the cost is not strain to the government but the employer. Simply it a transfer from the government to the employers (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998).            With limited age discrimination and a mandatory retirement age, employer suffer from a lower turnover and lower recruitment costs and effort. This so because employees work for longer periods than they would otherwise have done before. It is believed that according to DTI estimates that the benefit to businesses could amount to  £39m in the first year. On the other hand, discrimination discourages potential elderly talent from applying to the position (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Therefore from onset employer has small pool of workers to choose from. The claim that anti-discrimination laws are good for the employer is fallacy and makes no economical or common sense. If hiring and promoting elder worker serve the best interest for the firm therefore why do we need such laws? In actual fact without a mandatory retirement age, employers are obliged to continue to paying pensions more than they expected increasing the overall operating cost by inc urring higher insurance premiums and expensive healthcare benefits. In addition, firms have limited number of senior positions. In case where such position are all taken by elderly workers firm would be in difficult position to hire or retain younger workers leading to high turnover among younger staff. Firms with no retirement age have no idea when people should leave creating uncertainty in human resource and bottlenecks (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998).            Ageism is the most common of discrimination in the workplace today. However, through proper legislation it can help correct this prejudice with other policies that promote equal rights and educate the employers and employees on their rights and obligations and rights. Therefore, by protecting such a group that is disadvantage, we help raise equality in the society (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). However, anti-discrimination laws have been existent in Australia, Canada and the US but there are no evidence that there has been a significant shift in attitude of the employer toward the elderly workers. In fact, there is strong evidence showing that employers are less likely to employ older worker and younger co-workers become resentful if mandatory retirement ages are not imposed (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Conclusion            Age discrimination in the work place may be casual or systematic and the issues came to the fore front in the late 1960s. it could be perpetuate against seniors or perpetuated based on sexism or racism. However, it is best defined or seen through three aspects. Prejudicial attitudes towards the older people, old age or the aging process itself through various discriminating practices which towards older people as well as some institutional aspects as well as policies that encourage some form of stereo types against the older people.            Age discrimination in the work place may manifest in different but subtle forms in the work environment and can be established, promoted or even allowed and encouraged to persist by the workplace management and authority. Henceforth, it is possible to heave in the work place inequality that has been created due to age discrimination            However, providing a free discrimination workplace raises a lot of challenges for the employer and employee. Therefore, it may require: Change of attitude, culture and to an extreme confront unacceptable practices that discriminate the elderly. Such practices may range from harassment and possible bullying of the older workers which undermine and excludes them firm. Organizational rethinking to accommodate the need of this special group such as the older people Develop polices to protect workers from all forms of discrimination at the work place Ensure that discrimination polices are enforced and staff are trained on those polices and complaints are dealt with effectively.            The United Kingdom has recently enacted the UK Employment Equality (Age) Regulations in 2006 developed a number of resources and practical information for the employer to ensure that elderly are not discriminated and harassed therefore, promote good business practices. It also protects and safe guards the elderly worker against workplace discrimination on grounds of age. References Age Concern England. (2008). How Ageist is Britain. London: Age Concern. Age-discrimination debate has two sides. (1998). Orange County Business Journal, 21(16), 35. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/211120427?accountid=11243Anonymous  Ã‚   (2008).   Letters. The Age (Melbourne, Vic.).  Ã‚  p. 14 Macnicol, J. (2005). The age discrimination debate in britain: From the 1930s to the present. Social Policy and Society, 4(3), 295-302. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/221167966?accountid=11243Ministry Of Justice. (2011). Annual Tribunals Statistics, 2010-11. London: Ministry of Justice. Moore, S. (2009). No matter what I did I would still end up in the same position’: age as a factor defining older women’s experience of labour market participation. Work, Employment & Society, 655-671. Morgan, G. (2012). Achieving age equality in Welsh health and social care services. Generations Review, published online. Porcellato, L. (2010). Giving older workers a voice: constraints on the employment of older people in the North West of England. Work, Employment & Society, 85- 103.Robertson, G. (2012). Positive ageing: from the political to the personal. Working with Older People , 149-153. UK government: Age discrimination to be outlawed. (2005, Jul 14). M2 Presswire. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/445751217?accountid=11243 Source document

Utilitarian Ethics Essay - 1970 Words

The morality of killing animals (when there is no suffering involved) posses a challenge for utilitarian ethics. This topic is primarily addressed in practical ethics, given the enormous consequences that animal farming have on billions of animals every year. However, this problem goes further, to the core of utilitarian ethics, having to address issues such as value theory, the value of different lives and the importance of psychology in matters of life and death. My objective is to address this issue working within a utilitarian framework. Research problem Utilitarianism is a moral theory that evaluates the rightness or wrongness of an action depending on its consequences. The criteria for this evaluation is how the action impacts the†¦show more content†¦She may have hopes or plans for the future that will be thwarted if she is killed. Moreover, she may have the explicit preference to continue alive, preference that will be frustrated if she is killed. On the other hand, hedonistic utilitarianism refers to the loss of happiness when someone is killed (assuming that the victim would have led a life worth living). However, as the victim is already dead, and being death is not itself painful or unpleasant, this reason is often deemed controversial. In the case of humans, the hedonistic utilitarian can point to indirect reasons, such as the fear the killing may bring into the rest of society (if they find out about the killing, other members of society may fear they will be killed too), and the suffering the death may bring to fr iends and relatives of the victim. Nevertheless, it is remarkable that none of these reasons refer to the loss of the human victim himself. Typically, we do not condemn the killing of an innocent being due to the effects it may have on others (although it could be an aggravating factor), but due to the loss suffered by the victim herself. For these reasons, historically, utilitarianism has been accused of not having a strong enough stance against killing (reference needed). Relevantly for our discussion, note how this problem is more pressing when it comes to non-human animals. First, the preference utilitarian reasons against killing do not apply toShow MoreRelatedEthics Paper681 Words   |  3 PagesEthics Barbara Avery Ethics/316 April 11, 2012 Monica McMorise EthicsWrite a 350- to 700-word essay comparing the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. 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Diversity Management Is It Different From Equal Opportunities Policy Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Equality in organizations was characteristic of the 1970s-80s and was centered on equality in access, opportunities, treatment in the organization and outcomes. Equality is based on the issue of discrimination, which is traditionally a moral, social justice and human rights issue (Dickens 2007, pp. 468). It is debated whether following such utilitarianism is in line with efficiency and competitiveness in firms. The basis of equal opportunities is centered on complying with laws formulated by governments and sometimes, which Dickens (2007) discusses in the form of a timeline, establishing the gradual development of equality and non-discrimination frameworks based on countries or adopted from international bodies. The DebateAlthough there is a consensus that there has been a gradual shift from equal opportunities policies to diversity management, the debate has arisen due to some sectors arguing that diversity management is a new paradigm unique from the traditional equal opportunities policies. The analysis of this debate will first study the arguments of those who support the view that diversity management is a unique concept and then analyze their opponents. According to Gilbert, Stead, and Ivancevich (61-76), diversity management is different from traditional equal opportunities approach in its purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity Management: Is It Different From Equal Opportunities Policy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

A Marxist Evaluation Of Feminism And Gender Equality Essay

A Marxist evaluation of feminism and gender equality is another failure of the Neo-Marxist system to generate any serious change in a neoliberal capitalistic model. Feminism, since the 1970s, has become a subjective and distorted version of what it was meant to be—a system that sought to raise the rights of women out of the home (as domestic servants) and into the workplace. In the late 20th and early 21st century, the idea of Marxism as a system of economic analysis for women to dissect the inequalities of patriarchal capitalism has also become diluted and co-opted by the ruling classes as a â€Å"political phenomenon:† In this sense, then, rather than retaining the idea of feminism as something that stretched from its radical incarnation to its liberal form, we have to broaden the scope of its reference to the whole of the political spectrum (Power p.13). In this manner, the feminist movement has become further abstracted from economic materialism to embrace the subjective and propagandistic nature of politics as a way to promote feminist ideology. This is one form of the dilution of Marxist ideology that rarely focuses on the economic systems that bring oppression to women’s rights in the workplace, but on the subjective â€Å"value systems† that Weber s theory has had expanded well into the neoliberal era of capitalist global economics. For example, the problem of a subjective analysis of 20th and 21st century trends in gender values has become diluted through the lens ofShow MoreRelatedThe Sexualisation And Popularization Of Feminism Within The 21st Century1296 Words   |  6 Pages The sexualisation and popularization of Feminism within the 21ST century Introduction Feminism as an idea has been actively intersected and integrated within the western mainstream pop culture progressively since the beginning of the 21st century. 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How Does Rossetti Tell the Story in ‘Jessie Cameron’ Free Essays

How does Rossetti tell the story in ‘Jessie Cameron’? Rossetti uses the title of the poem to help tell the story in ‘Jessie Cameron’. Whilst Jessie’s full name is used as the title of the poem and repeatedly referred to throughout, the name of her lover is not once mentioned. Instead Jessie calls him ‘neighbour’s son’ avoiding any more intimate communication. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Rossetti Tell the Story in ‘Jessie Cameron’? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This suggests that she does not regard him as highly in her life as he may regard her, it also suggests that she doesn’t want to lead him on, but because she makes it so obvious that she has no interest in him it may imply that she is tired of him chasing after her. This use of dialogue by the third person narrator makes the poem seem a lot less biased as we are allowed to see the story from Jessie’s very own perspective. In addition to this, the fact that her surname is drawn upon it suggests that the poem make reflect the permanence, a lot like Jessie herself it will not be changed for the sake of a man. The fact that Jessie chooses not to give in to a man wanting to marry her would have surprised a lot of Victorian readers who did not believe that women should be free to do as they pleased but should accept an offer of marriage when it was given, whether or not they loved the man. As a result of this it could be suggested that the Victorian attitude towards marriage contributed to the confusion of Jessie’s lover who finds her free-will hard to accept. She claims that she had already told him ‘long ago’ that she will not accept his marriage proposal, but he seems to find this difficult to understand. Through the use of more dialogue it seems to suggest that Rossetti wants to make the point that remaining single is not the message she wants to get across: â€Å"For me you’re not the man of men†, rather that women should only marry out of choice if she loves and who is, for her, above all other men. Because dialogue is used so much throughout the poem it could be suggested that the third person narrator feels self-conscious towards the fact that they’re narrative alone would not be sufficient enough in order for the reader to trust what they are saying. As a result, it could be suggested that the reader feels as if the use of dialogue makes the narrator’s narrative seem less reliable and trustworthy which in turn makes us doubt the rest of their narrative which makes us more critical as observers and allows us to understand the potential messages that Rossetti wishes to portray throughout the poem. Home, her home, was close at hand†, the repetition of the word ‘home’ acts as a juxtaposition to the landscape of the beach and sea described throughout the poem. It contrasts that Jessie’s house is sheltered and safe, whereas this stands in opposition to the danger of the sea that she finds herself surrounded by. It emphasises the danger of the sea and in addition to this Rossetti wants to warn women about the danger of becoming trapped in a loveless marriage with someone, making them feel unfilled just like Jessie when she realises that she is near to death. How to cite How Does Rossetti Tell the Story in ‘Jessie Cameron’?, Papers

Fashion Designing Issues

Question: Describe about the Fashion Designing Issues? Answer: Introduction The report discusses about the issues related to fashion designing. Fashion designing is a very vast field. Fashion designing includes the designing of garments, accessories etc. for a human being. Fashion in todays world is a symbol of status in the society. If we see around us, people today are very much cautious about their fashion. From a small pen to a luxury car, people want fashionable accessories. Its a craze among the people to connect with the latest trends but there is a wide competition in the fashion market. With the increase in competition in the market, fashion industries are using various unethical and illegal ways to compete in this market. Fashion industry uses these activities to increase the profit. The issues for the fashion industries can be divided into two parts, ethical and commercial issues. The ethical issues basically are working conditions, increase use of fur, impact on environment and waste and consumerism (Fibre2Fashion, 2013). The working condition is related to the wages and the environment of the fashion industry at the working place. This issue is important to discuss for the rights of workers and preserving various accidents due to insufficient safety arrangements. Issue of fur, relate to the use of animals in the fashion industry, this issue is important to discuss for saving the life of innocent and reducing the inhumanity level in the fashion industry. The products and the resources use the fashion industry are creating various problems for the environment. To save the environment from getting polluted various solutions should be found. Waste level in the fashion industry is increasing day by day, as the new trends are launching in fashion, the waste is also enhancing. The commercial issues present in the fashion industry is rising cost and price deflation, tax related issues, supply chain management and human resource management. The cost of making the garments is increasing but the industry needs to reduce the prices of the garments to compete in this competitive market. Supply chain of the fashion industry is really complex and very important to manage otherwise it may become the reason of huge loss. Various taxes are imposed on the garment business by the government, all these taxes are very important to manage for reducing the risk of legal issues and human resource is very important to manage properly in fashion industry to increase the productivity and affectivity of the brand (Fashion Industry Law Blog, 2015). Thus, considering all the above facts, this report discusses about the ethical and commercial issues that may be faced by the fashion industries. Issues in Fashion Designing In the modern world, fashion industry has a great impact in every field. Every field or industry has to connect with the fashion industry. Even the fashion industry needs to connect with other industries for business. Today fashion designing has become so wide that for every business in the world, fashion is required. It is very true that packing does half of the work in selling products. Nowadays, every person is crazy about fashion. Whenever somebody buys anything, be it from a mobile phone to a car, he considers the design and the look of the product and gives it a priority. A person always wants to buy products according to his/her profession and personality. Even in the school and colleges, uniforms are designed by the top fashion designers. Fashion industry also needs to connect with other industries for business like manufacturing, transportation, raw material providers, retailers and advertising companies. While dealing with all these units, various issues can be created. Thus, these situations should be handled carefully by the fashion industries to create a strong relationship with other businesses. These issues can be subdivided into two parts, ethical issues and commercial issues, which are explained as follows. Ethical Issues As described above, fashion industries need to deal with other companies or industries for business purposes. When these industries or people related to these industries are treated unfairly by the leaders of fashion industries then these situations come under the ethical issues for fashion industries. Mainly models, consumers, manufacturers and producers are the actors who usually get unethical treatment by fashion industry. It is the ethical responsibility of the fashion executives to take action against these types of unethical treatments. There can be various ethical issues related to fashion industry. Some of them are as follows: Working Condition Today, there is a lot of competition in the fashion industry. In this competitive market, industries need to find various solutions for keeping the costs down for manufacturing the clothes (Seo, 2014). For cutting down the costs; industries are even ready to take risk with the safety equipment and rules. A problem can arrive at any time. So, it is the responsibility of the industry to be prepared for these consequences in the working place. An industry should organise all type of safety equipment required in any type of tragic consequences. The example of these types of consequences had been seen in Bangladesh where, a building collapsed and more than 400 fashion workers died. Investigation of the situation cleared that the building was not properly cared for and was not safe for workers either. The other tricks that industry uses is, providing lower wages to the workers. Workers are paid very low wages and they dont even get the proper facilities that they deserve. This drops down the life style of the workers of that industry which creates the trend for people (Xaxx, 2012). Thus, for cutting down the cost, fashion industry uses various types of tricks which affect the working conditions but it is the ethical responsibility of the industry to provide proper working conditions, wages and facilities to the workers which they deserve. Figure: Building Collapse in Bangladesh (Forbes, 2013) The current example of this is the abuse of labour rights in a cloth factory of Cambodia. In January, the factory got caught with fire due to unsatisfactory safety preparations (Smith, 2015). The reason of choosing this issue is that this issue is found not only in the fashion industry but in all types of industries. This issue basically defines the cruelty of the higher management in the organization who dont care about the life of the workers. This issue should be considered properly otherwise this issue may become the lack of interest among the people. People will not choose fashion industry as their career. For solving the issues of working condition, fashion workers have to understand the value of their work and effort. They should protest against these issues by uniting. Workers should refuse to work for low wages and the owners of the industry have to value the life of the workers as the industry is running on the basis of the work of workers(Dontigney, 2013).. Government also have to make some strict laws and regulations regarding working conditions and wages. Thus this issue can be solved with the combining efforts of workers, owners and the government. For implementing the above solution workers should unite and should decide to protest against the low wages they are offered and make the owners realize that the industry cant move forward without the workers. This protest will help the owners in realizing the importance of the life of workers. Fur The furs are being used in fashion industry since 1980s. After 2000, the use of fur has been increased multiple times. The famous furs used for fashion are mink and fox. Scientifically, it is proved that the animals, which humans eat, are necessary for the balanced life cycle, but fashion even uses the fur of those animals whose density on the earth are decreasing with time, like tigers, lions and foxes etc. (Thornquist, 2014) The jackets made by the fur of lion are very famous in the world but if the situation remains the same, then the time is not far when these beautiful creatures of nature will extinct. These animals are hunted to produce fur. These are actually considered as inhuman activities. Figure: Rabbits are caught with inhumanity in cage for producing fur (Sparrow Media, 2014) The above figure is the result of an undercover operation done by the Sparrow Media on a fashion industry and it was found that the rabbits are treated with inhumanity; it seemed that rabbits were just a lifeless teddy bear (Sparrow Media, 2014). People of Russia used to breed the foxes for producing fur but it should be noticed that the father cant kill his son because he had given birth to him similarly it is also cruel to kill foxes even though they had bred those foxes (Vizant, 2014).According to a famous fashion designer Karl Legarfield fur is actually an industry not only a lavish for American people. Legarfield continue to say that the message will not reach to the fashion designers until people wear leather and eat meat. Legarfield added on his comment that government used to publish no fur, but it provides the employment opportunity to various people (Press Trust of India, 2015). This issue is really important to understand as according to research done by the human society of the United States More than 50 million animals are killed for producing fur in a year (HSUS, 2013). It is really important to consider this issue as this shows the cruelty of the industry. Even those animals are getting killed for producing fur which is present in very less numbers on the earth. This is creating a very critical situation for the earth. If those species are to be preserved then the hunting of those animals should be stopped for fur. This is also affecting the image of the fashion industry. These problems can be solved if all the fashion designers and industries take it as an ethical responsibility to preserve the animals (Fiber2 Fashion, 2013). They should avoid the use of furs in the fashion. The government should also make some strict rules for hunting animals. The hunters and the designers should be punished with inhumanity which they show with those voiceless animals. These types of animals are to be preserved in zoo or national parks. The security of these national parks should be enhanced to preserve those animals. Environment The fashion industry uses various materials which affect the environment. Production involved in the fashion industry also emits various elements which creates pollution in the environment. Transportation is a big reason of an unbalanced environment (Kolsun, 2010). Thus, all the activities present in the fashion industry impacts the environment in various ways. Some synthetic materials are extracted from petroleum, many synthetics are the result of cutting trees and various other types of natural materials are getting used in the fashion industry for the profit maximization even when their supplements are available in the market. A famous designer Bibi Russell represents her work by saying that she want to explain the efforts present behind the work and want to appreciate for those efforts, the hard work of the weavers should be valued only after the nationalization and internationalization of the market. Bibi Russell believes in preserving the heritage of the country for which she is working. (Future Start Up, 2013) According to news published Fashion leaves a terrible environment footprint along its entire supply chain. Textile and garment productions facilities are large consumers of water and energy (Boone, 2012). Thus the environment is getting affected by the fashion industry. The chemicals and the resources used in the fashion industries are very much harmful for the environment. Figure: Clothing and global toxic cycle (SCEC, 2012) The above model diagram is clearly indicating the impact of fashion industry on the environment in seven steps by watching the above model diagram, this issue is very important to discuss as the world is getting modernized, the use of harmful resources is increasing in the production of garments (Zelner, 2010). It is really important to discuss this topic now otherwise it may create various problems for our earth. It may also become the reason of production of poisonous gases in the environment. Each fashion industry should consider it the ethical responsibility to use the resources which are environment friendly. This can be performed at the three levels. At the level of workers, the workers should provide the knowledge about how the use of chemicals is affecting the environment, and the effect of these environment and the changes on human being. The workers should be encouraged to preserve the pollution. At the level of industry, whether it may cost a little high but the industries should be encouraged to use the environmental friendly resources to make clothes(Herzheld, 2013).. At the level of government, the use of harmful resources should be banned. Government should make some strict laws and seal all the fashion industries which use these chemicals in the production of clothes. Waste and Consumerism Today, fashion is changing every month and every season. Actually, abrupt changes in the fashion forces fashion lovers to buy the clothes even when they dont need it. There are actually two types of considerations, one is, it is good for the economy and the other is, it is the misuse of resources and money by the people. If considered at the national level, this is really good for the economy of country but individually this encourages the waste of money and resources. It also creates an impact on the mindless consumerism (USFIB, 2013).This situation also increases the prices of cloth. Thus, it becomes very tough for the poor people to adopt fashion which results in economic differences. According to an article published in the newspaper Boone (2012) said The fashion supply chain is diverse and complex, spanning four or more tiers, including design, raw material harvesting, spinning, yarn production, dyeing, weaving, cutting, stitching, and final garment construction. All these processes possess a high amount of waste of resources and energy in all over process. This news is clearly indicating how the issue of waste in the fashion industry is increasing day by day. The famous fashion designer Rachel Zoe use to denote the fashion industry by expendable junk. (Cara, 2013). According to a new published in Salon online magazine, as the clothes are becoming cheaper people are getting mad behind the fashion they dont have the limit of purchasing clothes. In supermarkets of America average of 9, 100 types of the single dress company can be found (Young, 2014). The all above facts and news are clearly indicating the level of waste and consumerism in the current fashion marke t. Figure: The Unglamorous side of fashion: A child jumps on luxury waste products (Chalmers, 2012) This issue is also really important to discuss by analysing the resource level present on the earth if this issue is not considered at time, there may be a situation when people wont even have clothes to wear (BBC, 2010). Due to cheaper rates of the clothes, people are purchasing the clothes and updating their fashion every day. This is very critical issue to solve. This can be solved only by generating a awareness among the people about these resources (Anthony, 2015). People should be taught how the waste of these resources is affecting our environment and should show the future aspect of the consumerism and the waste. Industries should also think on this and they should produce the high quality expensive products. Government should think on making the rules for reducing the waste and consumerism. Commercial Issues As the competition in the fashion industry is increasing with time, the commercial issues in the industries are also increasing. Commercial issues in any organization are much more important to manage than the ethical issues, if the commercial issues are not managed properly, it may lead to the end of the organization. Commercial issues mainly affect the global industries as the global industries have to manage the rules and regulations of various countries. Some of the commercial issues are as follows. Rise in the cost and deflated prices Fashion industry has now become the most competitive market in all over the world. As the time is going, competition is also increasing with time. Thus, to be in this competition, brands have to drop down their prices. Consumers also want the high quality product at an affordable price. Thus, for manufacturing the high quality products, manufacturers need to invest in manufacturing the latest fashion. Raymond, a very famous brand of clothing has dropped down its prices by up to 20% since last 2 years (European Commission, 2013). Figure: price deflation and cost rising in U.S. in fashion industry (Zero Hedge, 2015) Above figure is showing the graph for the rising of cost in making garments and the reduced prices of the garments year by year. The green line is indicating the prices and red line cost. The effect can be clearly seen in the graph. This topic is really important to consider as the fashion industry is in great trouble. It is really hard to manage the situation as the cost of manufacturing is hiking and due to the competition rate the fashion industry needs to lower down the prices of the garments. This is directly affecting the labour of the organization. For reducing the cost of the garments, industries cut down the wages of labour or reduce the facilities of safety arrangements at work place. This problem can be solved by increasing the quality of the product and by enhancing the quality of the product up to a little extent, the prices of the products can be increased by multiple times(Doagoo, 2011).. The other solution can be that all the fashion industries should make a community and fix the prices of the clothes according to the quality of the product. Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is also a critical issue for fashion industry. Managing a supply chain for the fashion industry is really complex. If not managed properly, it will lead to a huge loss. Supply chain system of United Colours of Benetton is really a great example of a well-managed supply chain. In news by Supply Management, United Colours of Benetton has dealt with a supply chain management company pledge for toxic chemical. Deal was done in 2013 and valid up to 2020. The supply chain management is really necessary for any business to manage properly (LACBA, 2014). Figure: Supply Chain Model in fashion industry (Fiber2 Fashion, 2009) Supply chain management issue should be discussed more deeply as the supply chain is very important in selling the product. If the supply chain of the industry is perfect it will become very easy for the industry to communicate with their customers otherwise it becomes very tough for the industry to deal directly with the consumers. Thus the supply chain management is very important to discuss. For dealing with the supply chain issues in the market, fashion industry should make a separate team to deal with the supply chain issues (Fashion Industry Law Blog, 2015).The organization should specially deal with their suppliers and encourage them to make strong relationship with the industry. If the suppliers have the strong relationship with the organization, half of the management of the supply chain will be done by the suppliers. Human Resource Issues It is really important to manage human resource system of any type of organization. Fashion industry also follows the same concept. Human resource management of any organization is the source of significant cost. Thus, recruiting a skilled staff and retaining them is really important for every organization. Due to increase in significant cost on employees, employers always try to find new ways of reducing this cost. These create various human resource related issues for the fashion industry. Sometimes the fashion industry uses various illegal ways to accomplish this objective. If human resource management in a fashion industry is managed properly, then it may lead to the generation of high sales. This can be understood by the example of increase in sales of Pakistans apparel industry by 60 to 65% (Hazrat, 2004). It is important to discuss this issue as the human resource of the organization help in dealing with the workers of the organization. It is really important to manage the workers properly in the organization as if the workers are not happy with industry, the growth of the organization will be very slow. Human resource in the fashion industry also deals with the customer surveying about the fashion in the market with the consumers. Figure: HR Management skills (HR Advisor, 2013) The above figure is showing a model for the HR management in any organization. This model should be implemented in the fashion industry to enhance the efficiency of the human resource management in the industry. The human resource management of the fashion industry can be made strong by hiring skilled and experienced HR managers in the organization(Leonie, 2014).. The human resource team of the organization should be developed with the combination of both the executives and the HR managers. For a cost effective human resource management in the fashion industry, the industry should make team with various level of experienced people and should decide the wages on the basis of their experience. Tax Issues There are various types of taxes both direct and indirect taxes associated with the fashion industry. The major taxes that fashion industries pays are Value added tax, sales tax, claiming tax, incentives etc. Even the amount of taxes also increases with the global industries. Each country has different types of taxes. Thus, a global brand needs to maintain all these types of taxes associated in different countries. Figure: Rec our first tax related issue (Livemint, 2014) Around couple of years ago, the income tax of India caught Reebok in a fraud with a tax evasion of Rs.140 crore, which was found to be the second biggest scam in India after Satyam. After investigation, it was found that this happened due to improper management of taxes in India by Reebok (Mukhrjee, 2013). It is really important to discuss the issues related to tax in the fashion industry as the fashion industry includes the various taxes for the clothing and other commercial taxes(BBC, 2012).. For running a business in any country it is important to consider all the taxes associated in that country for the fashion industry otherwise it may create various legal problems for the industry. The tax related issues can be solved by making an efficient team for financial management in the industry. A well experienced charted accountant should be hired by the industry for time to time analysis of the accounts and tax payment in the industry. Relation between Ethical and Commercial issues The relationship between the ethical and commercial issues can be derived easily. From the above discussion, it can be clearly said that the working condition in the fashion industries are for reducing the cost of garments in the industry. For that they lower down the wages and provide insufficient security arrangements. These are clearly related to the problems of rising cost in the market and the prices of the garments should also be reduced to stay in the competitive market. Thus, the industries need to adopt these ways. Human resource issues are clearly related to the use of fur as well as the working condition in the industries. According to a report it was found that in 25% of the animal killing for fur is related to the human resource management of the organization (Fibre2Fashion, 2013). Industries are using the toxic raw materials for making garments for reducing the cost of garments. The finishing and shine of these objects attract the consumers a lot. Thus, the ethical issu es are related to the commercial issues by various ways. Conclusion As we discussed in the essay, Fashion designing has a great impact on this world. Every field, business and communities are connected to the world of fashion design. Thus, the level of competition is also increasing every day. Many companies in the fashion industry are using various illegal ways to stay in this competitive market, which may help the organization for short term but if it wants to be in the market for a long term, it will have to consider both ethical and commercial issues. The main ethical issues that the fashion industry faces are fur, working condition, issues related to environment, enforcing waste and consumerism etc. If the working condition of the workers in fashion industry is considered, the owners of the industry use various inhuman ways to drop down the cost of the garment. They cut down the wages of the workers or dont provide the safety facility at the working place. Various accidents are happening due to insufficient safety equipment at the workplace. Using fur is a really dark side of the fashion industry. It is inhuman to use and kill the animals for fashion even when there are various other supplements available in the market. More than 50 million animals are getting killed per year for producing fur which is really considerable. Fashion industry even uses those animals which are present on the earth in very less numbers. Thus, for finding the solution of this inhuman activity, it is really important to discuss these. The other dark side of fashion industry is the impact on environment. Fashion industry uses various chemicals and produces various poisonous gases in the environment whic h are very harmful for the environment. The model of global clothing and toxic life cycle is clearly indicating the level of pollution and the impact of the fashion industry on the environment. By considering these impacts on environment it is really important to consider this issue of fashion industry to save the environment. As discussed in the above report, fashion industry is enhancing the waste. A lot of waste is produced by the fashion industry. The photo shown in the issue is clearly indicating the level of waste produced in the fashion industry. Fashion industry also forces the people to purchase fewer garments which also results in lots of waste. From the above discussion, we can conclude that these issues should really be considered for an honoured and respectful market position; otherwise the industry will have to face a lot of criticism. If we consider the commercial issues for the fashion industry, most of them are really common for all businesses, like tax related issues, human resource management, supply chain management and rise in the cost and deflation in the price. Rise in the cost and deflation is the price has become a very big problem for the fashion industry. The cost of making the garments is rising with increase in the expensiveness in the market but with the increase in competition in the market the prices of the garments are also dropping in the market which has become very tough to manage. This problem can be solved by making a global union for clothing industry for deciding the globally unique prices. If we consider the issue related to the supply chain management, it is very tough to manage. It is very complex in nature but is also important to manage this supply chain, if it is not managed properly, then it may result in huge loss. Human resource for the fashion industry is very important. The base for profit in fashion industry is dependent on its human resource. Thus it is really important for the fashion industry to manage its human resource management. For a global fashion industry, the organization has to deal with vicarious types of taxes. These taxes are really important to manage. 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